Geosynchronous Satellite Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geosynchronous Satellite - Assignment Example Through this, the nation can escalate the barrier itself against psychological oppression and different assaults. Meteorologists can likewise screen the climate conditions by utilizing these GEO satellites, and this data can help pilots to design their itinerary items such that the climate won't influence their excursions. Additionally, its encourages businesspersons to convey adequately consequently making them mindful of the market for their items. Moreover, the impacts of the ozone layer can be observed through the GEO satellites and satisfactory estimates taken to control the wellbeing impacts identified with the devastation of the ozone layer. In GEO satellites, they are intended to remain there forever, and this will assist people in the future with creative history from antiquated occasions, that will live longer than people will. This can be recovered from the capacity units of these satellites. Profoundly, the GEO satellites help religions to speak with individual admirers everywhere throughout the world and plan otherworldly gatherings. Accordingly, this helps the world to be joined profoundly henceforth achieving harmony to its occupants (Breunig and Zlatanova, 2011). The need to react to these characteristic human factors in a far reaching way influenced the created of a GEO satellite that could fill various needs going from checking the climate to guaranteeing the security of a country. GEO satellites were framed to remain far over the ground so they can't be messed with and will a decent perspective on the globe from all sides of the world. They contain battery-powered batteries that are charged by the sun subsequently they will consistently be working the entire day and night. This will guarantee this human components are observed the entire day and even around evening time when nobody is watching, these satellites will catch all happenings and the responsive activity taken at whatever point an issue emerges. a) The Geosynchronous satellite has significantly impacted the populace development, life expectancy/mortality and wellbeing in an incredible way. This has been accomplished by the

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors It is a miserable reality that most Jews looking into their families will inevitably find family members who were casualties of the Holocaust. Regardless of whether youre looking for data about family members who vanished or were murdered during the Holocaust, or need to realize whether any family members endure the Holocaust and may have living relatives there are various assets accessible to you. Start your endeavor into Holocaust explore by meeting your living relatives. Attempt to gain proficiency with the names, ages, origin, and last known whereabouts of the individuals you might want to follow. The more data you have, the simpler your inquiry. Search the Yad Vashem Database The significant chronicle community for the Holocaust is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Israel. They are a decent initial step for anybody searching for data on the destiny of a Holocaust casualty. They keep up a Central Database of Shoah Victims Names and are likewise endeavoring to archive all of the 6,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. These Pages of Testimony archive the name, spot and conditions of death, occupation, names of relatives and other data. Likewise, they remember data for the informations submitter, including his/her name, address and relationship to the perished. More than 3,000,000 Jewish Holocaust casualties have been recorded to date. These Pages of Testimony are additionally accessible online as a component of the Central Database of Shoah Victims Names. The International Tracing Service As a great many Holocaust displaced people dissipated all through Europe following World War II, a typical assortment point was made for data about Holocaust casualties and survivors. This data vault developed into the International Tracing Service (ITS). Right up 'til the present time, data on Holocaust casualties and survivors is as yet gathered and scattered by this association, presently a piece of the Red Cross. They keep up a list of data identifying with in excess of 14 individuals influenced by the Holocaust. The most ideal approach to demand data through this administration is to contact the Red Cross in your nation. In the United States, the Red Cross keeps up the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center as a help for U.S. occupants. Yizkor Books Gatherings of Holocaust survivors and companions and family members of Holocaust casualties made Yiskor books, or Holocaust remembrance books, to memorialize the network where they once lived. These gatherings of people, known as landsmanshaftn, were by and large included previous occupants of a specific town. Yizkor books are composed and incorporated by these conventional individuals to pass on the way of life and sentiment of their life before the Holocaust, and to recollect the families and people of their old neighborhood. The value of the substance for family ancestry investigate changes, however most Yizkor books contain data on the historical backdrop of the town, alongside names and family connections. You may likewise discover arrangements of Holocaust casualties, individual accounts, photos, maps and drawings. Practically all incorporate a different Yizkor segment, with dedication sees recalling and recognizing people and families lost during the war. Most Yizkor books are written in Hebrew or Yiddish. Online assets for Yizkor books include: JewishGen Yizkor Book Project - A database of Yizkor books with data on the library that holds each book, an accessible necrology file, and interpretations put together by volunteers. NY Public Library - Yizkor Books Online - incorporates full computerized pictures of 650 of the 700 after war yizkor books in the assortment of The York Public Library. Associate with Living Survivors An assortment of vaults can be discovered online which help interface Holocaust survivors and the relatives of Holocaust survivors. JewishGen Holocaust Global Registry - This vault gives a focal spot to anybody looking through Holocaust survivors, and incorporates the names of survivors and their relatives from everywhere throughout the globe. Dont miss the endearing examples of overcoming adversity put together by clients of the vault! Vault of Holocaust Survivors - The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. keeps up a refreshed, modernized Registry of survivors. Holocaust Testimonies The Holocaust is one of the most archived occasions in world history, and much can be gained from perusing the tales of the survivors. Various Web destinations incorporate stories, recordings and other direct records of the Holocaust. Voices of the Holocaust - This narrative task by the Illinois Institute of Technology incorporates direct records of the Holocaust gathered by Dr. David Boder in 1946. Declarations of the Holocaust - The USC Shoah Foundation Institute met and gathered declarations from almost 52,000 Holocaust survivors and different observers. The Testimony Catalog is accessible on the web and on CD-ROM, in spite of the fact that names are overlooked from the online rendition for security reasons. The inventory incorporates essential personal information just, including city and nation of birth, strict character and wartime encounters. The genuine recordings and other information are kept up in the archives.Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies - An assortment of more than 4,300 recorded meetings with witnesses and overcomers of the Holocaust. Some portion of Yale Universitys branch of Manuscripts and Archives. The video interviews are not accessible on the web, however you can see a few brief declaration extracts. For additional, progressively definite data on examining the individuals of the Holocaust, I energetically prescribe the book How to Document Victims and Locate Survivors of the Holocaust by Gary Mokotoff. A significant number of the fundamental how to bits of the book have been put online by the distributer, Avotaynu, and the full book can likewise be requested through them.

Gustavo Dudamel Conducts MITSO!

Gustavo Dudamel Conducts MITSO! [by Shelby Heinecke 13] THE Gustavo Dudamel, you know, the hip, vivacious, and inspiring Venezuelan conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, visited MIT last Friday to receive the 2010 Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts (i.e. $75,000 cash prize and on-campus residency). In addition, he conducted the MIT Symphony Orchestra in an open rehearsal and the following day, he participated in a panel discussion with MIT professors John Harbison and Tod Machover that was moderated by PBS journalist Maria Hinojosa. As you might have known, I am a violinist in MITSO, and I experienced his incredible conducting. I was in the presence of a musical genius. ABOVE: Gustavo Dudamel. Looks young, huh? Hes only 28! Dudamel conducted us in two quite monumental piecesPrague Symphony No. 38 by Mozart and Capriccio Espagnol by Rimsky-Korsokov. These were pieces that MITSO performed in October 2009, so we were already comfortable with the notes and rhythms. We generally felt that we knew the music. Yet Dudamel was able to teach us so much about the music that we did not know. He enlightened us. His teaching and insight enhanced our musicality and helped us to sculpt phrases ever so beautifully. Our playing went from outstanding to masterful at some points. Even the audience could hear the subtle changes in interpretation. They witnessed our musical growth. In fact, after the show, an audience member came to me and told me that he even felt a sense of triumph when we masterfully performed a particular measure of the Mozart symphony with the guidance of Dudamel. ABOVE: Its me! On the MIT Newletter and MIT News website. Music is more than just notes and rhythm. It is about expressing emotions, feelings, moods, and ideas. This is the purpose of the art of music. And Dudamel reminded us MIT musicians of this fact. With the help of notes and rhythms, we are able to paint a picture or share emotions, but to do so fully, musicality, interpretation, and emotion are necessary. There is indeed a huge difference between simply playing what is written in your music and playing for the purpose of creating a work of art. And to create a brilliant work of art, you not only need talented musicians, but also a knowledgeable and enlightening conductor, such at Gustavo Dudamel. I think the idea of an open rehearsal was excellent. It demonstrated, to audience members, the importance of a conductor in an orchestra, which is an especially great learning experience for audience members who do not play an instrument. I have had many friends, who are not musical, inquire about the purpose of a conductor. And I am generall y overwhelmed with such a question. After this open rehearsal, I think the audience members would understand why. The conductor is not a regulator for the orchestra, but rather, a sculptor, a historian, an artist, and an interpreter.

Genetic Effects of Intensive Breeding Essays - 4289 Words

What is Intensive Breeding? Intensive breeding is a breeding system which aims to get a specific desired genetic trait from a species. Intensive breeding is done in order to get various genetic variations (Colour variation – Figure 1) within a certain population, which will eventually lead to an economic incentive higher than that of an original colour variation species. Intensive breeding has got its advantages and disadvantages. Selection for a rare trait is desired for the monetary benefit, where many game farmers don’t realise the drastic negative genetic impacts. Hunting has always been a past-time where a lot of enthusiast participate in the hunting of wildlife living in their natural environment. They find pleasure in†¦show more content†¦From the information above, it is entirely logical that intensive breeding projects are being developed to help the conservation of this animal. Some mentionable organisations that aim to conserve the cheetah species are De Wildt in Britz, Pretoria North and Cheetah Outreach in Somerset West. These organisations strive to conserve the particular species in their natural habitat. The average price for a Cheetah auctioned in 2011 was R25 000, where in 2010 the average price for a Cheetah auctioned was R67 292 (Figure 1). In the same way that the conservation of the cheetah is being looked after, the same form of help could be used for the many other critically threatened species. By implementing intensive breeding projects, game farmers can contribute to some of the rare antelope and animal species. Roan antelope are listed as an endangered antelope species. This particular antelope has declined drastically in numbers due to hunting pressures which have occurred in the past. Roan antelope can only be found in areas where there have been intensive conservation efforts made. This species has a gestation period of about 40 weeks, and has a high rate of mortality of up to 80% in the first seven weeks (Groenewald 2014). Shown in Figure 1, the average price of a Roan antelope auctioned in 2012 was R223 650 (Bezuidenhout 2013). Sable Antelope are the most sought after antelope species (Groenewald 2014). This is mostly due to their scimitar horns which can grow upShow MoreRelatedGmo, The Labeling Of Gmos And The Controversy Surrounding Gmos1073 Words   |  5 Pagesgenes are taken from one species and artificially put into another, usually an unrelated species genes. This is done through what is called genetic engineering or GE. Crops can be genetically engineered to withstand applications of herbicide and insecticide. Some crops are even modified to produce insecticide. â€Å"Genetic engineers seek plant resistance to the effects wrought by weeds, insect pests, plant diseases, droughts, and floods. One of the most common examples of GM crops is Bt corn, or corn whichRead MoreTechnology Based On Biology : A Study Of Cellular And Biomolecular Processes Help Improve Overall Health And The Environment1635 Words   |  7 Pagesgenerated from biotechnology is genetic engineering (occurs when the plant has been modified to achieve a particular goal). It is the process that has been used to produce Golden Rice so that millions of children who suffer from micronutrient deficiencies will be able to grow and develop properly. By doing this, Golden Rice has the capability of reducing the common killer disease in the developing world, all through the use of biotechnology and its bi-products like genetic engineering. In this essayRead MoreThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Agribiotechnology is the study of making altered agricultural products. Agribusiness is trying to alter the genes of already existing products to try to enhance the biocompetitiveness and adaptability of crops by enhancing plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. They are going to try to enhance their growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition. The old way of doing this was through selectiveRead MoreRural Food Security And Nutrition4387 Words   |  18 Pagespopulations (Phillipson et al., 2011). Broilers, which have high productivity under optimum conditions, might meet the production requirement. They are, however, not tolerant to hot and humid weather easily susceptible to diseases and require an intensive management system (Islam Nishibori, 2009). Broilers thrive better under controlled environmental conditions. Over 80% of the chickens distributed across rural communities of tropical countries of Africa are indigenous (FAO, 2006 ). Indigenous chickensRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Dengue Fever1631 Words   |  7 Pagesmembrane, and envelope), and 7 non-structural proteins. There are four different serotypes of the virus, DENV-1 through DENV-4, that are all antigenically and genetically different. Although all four serotypes share roughly 65% of their genome, this genetic difference has major implications on infection and immunity. Regardless of their differences, all four serotypes present similar illnesses when infected. Symptoms of infection can range anywhere from mild flu-like symptoms, indicative of dengueRead MoreConserving Golden Lion Tamarin1965 Words   |  8 Pagescaptive-bred tamarins to the wild. Deforestation in the state of Rio de Janeiro began in the 16th Century, with successive cycles of development supporting sugar cane plantations, coffee plantations, and in the last century particularly cattle breeding, besides persistent logging, charcoal production, and clearing for urbanization. The state is one of the most populous regions of Brazil, and today L. rosalia is limited to some few and isolated forest patches. Approximately 20% of the original rangeRead MoreFeeding The Third World Essay2917 Words   |  12 PagesDeveloping Countries. Intensive and Subsistence Farming both present possible solutions to dealing with world hunger and ending the suffering of the Third World. Intensive Agriculture, also known as Factory or Battery Farming, involves land being farmed in order to achieve the greatest yield possible with the use of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides because it is used to supply large companies and distributors. Monoculture Intensive Farming focuses on Monoculture;Read MoreIs Food Production A Growing Concern?1473 Words   |  6 Pagesreductions of 5-10% in the yields of major serial crops (Tamiotti et al., 2009). Moreover, the melting of glacial ice that accompanies any rise in global temperature is likely to destroy low lying farmland across the world and as such significantly effect food production (How does climate change affect agriculture?, 2012). A final way in which climate change poses challenges in terms of food production is that the changing conditions can result in a significant increase in extreme weather events, whichRead MoreThe Global Of Global Agribusiness1181 Words   |  5 Pagesour population is growing. Inputs such as fuel, labour, machinery, technology, fertilizer, seed, genetics, advice, water, land, government regulation, consumer demands and taxes are amongst those that need to be taken into consideration in planning for the future of our agribusiness and agricultural indu stry to keep up with our growing population resulting it to sustainable in the long term. The effects of the growing population is at a steady incline of 1.14% per year compared to the rate of agriculturalRead MoreEnvironmental History Of The Oceans And Seas1692 Words   |  7 Pageshighlights human exploitation from aboriginal population to contemporary mismanagement and industrial fishing. Although it was initially believed that aboriginal populations had little to no effect on marine ecosystems because of the â€Å"ecological Indian† myth, scholars have begun to highlight aboriginal societies’ effects on marine ecosystems, creating the â€Å"shifting baseline syndrome.† In Jon Erlandson and Torben Rick’s Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems, a collaboration of scholars examine early

Definitions and Examples of Partitives in Grammar

In English grammar, a partitive is a word or phrase (such as some of or a slice  of) that indicates a part or quantity of something as distinct from a whole.Partitive is also called partitive noun or partitive noun phrase and is from the Latin partitus, relating to a part. Partitives can appear before mass (or noncount) nouns as well as count nouns. Although most partitive constructions refer to a quantity or amount, some are used to indicate quality or behavior (the kind of teacher  who ... ).  Ã‚   Examples and Observations You must have been warned against  letting the golden hours slip by. Yes, but some of them are golden only because we let them slip. (J.M. Barrie, Courage. Rectorial Address delivered at St. Andrews University, May 3, 1922)Computers make it easier to do a lot of things, but most of the things they make it  easier to do, dont need to be done. (Andy Rooney on 60 Minutes)Now Murrells eyes followed an ant on a blade of grass, up the blade and down, many times in the single moment. (Eudora Welty, A Still Moment. The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty. Harcourt, 1980)Soap gumdrops, soap cigars, soap pickles, soap chocolates, and even a bar of soap that dyed its user an indelible blue made life exciting for the friends of a Johnson Smith addict. (Jean Shepherd, A Fistful of Fig Newtons. Random House, 1981)Not a part of the rock or a speck of moss or a streak of some other mineral, it was one of those stubborn bits of green felted cardboard that these rocks were always fixed on inside of the boxes. (Sharon Fiffer, Buried Stuff. Minotaur Books, 2010)It doesn’t matter if you’re a high school kid on your bike, or if you’re an egghead like me with a  boatload  of degrees. Anybody can be a birder. (Ben Kingsley as Lawrence Konrad in A Birders Guide to Everything, 2014)I am not just some here-today-gone-tomorrow  sort of person who blows hot and cold  like a feather in the windblown about by air. Oh no. Believe me, my love for you is, was and always will be true and oh-so-real. (Dawn French, Dear David Cassidy in  Dear Fatty.  Arrow Books, 2009) Partitives With Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns Count nouns that can act as the first element in such a structure (e.g. piece, bit, sort, etc.) are partitive nouns or partitives. Some words that form the second part of the construction take specific partitives (also called unit nouns) a Partitives are useful because they provide a means of counting uncount nouns.(Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994) Partitives With Nouns of Location and Time Partitives are  found with nouns of location (the end of the street, the back of the house etc.) and time (the end of the day, the middle of the week, the beginning of the month). These partitives of location and time are almost always found with the frame the partitive of the noun. (Dave Willis,  Rules, Patterns and Words: Grammar and Lexis in English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press,  2003)  One day toward the end of the  month the wind veered around  to the southwest again and clouds moved in, bringing with them a heavy downpour. (John Hanson Mitchell,  Living at the End of Time: Two Years in a Tiny House.  University Press of New England, 2014)   Partitives With Foods and Liquids Some partitives, such as gallon/liter of, can be applied to any head noun that is a liquid, and partitives such as ton/gram/pound of can be used to quantify anything that is appropriately measured by weight. Similarly, partitives such as a bottle of can be applied to different types of liquids that come in this container (e.g., beer, wine, catsup, milk). In contrast, partitives used to quantify food are more restricted. Portions of baked goods such as cake, pie, pizza, and bread are measured by slices, and only bread is quantified by the partitive count noun loaf. Certain types of vegetables (e.g., cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce) are quantified by head.  (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008)  The pub is very smart  and popular with foreigners, who can order Leopold Blooms lunch—a gorgonzola sandwich and a glass of burgundy—for about fifteen dollars during the summer high season. (Bill Baric h,  A Pint of Plain: Tradition, Change and the Fate of the Irish Pub.  Bloomsbury, 2010) Functions of Partitives Partitive expressions collocate strongly with particular non-count nouns: a​ ... Partitive expressions commonly refer to the shape, size, movement or the amount of something: Theres a whole ... Some partitive expressions with -ful refer to containers or spaces which commonly hold the item referred to. These include bowlful of, cupful of, fistful of, handful of, mouthful of, spoonful of: He gave me a The plural of such expressions is usually formed by adding -s after -ful.(Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006)

A Hypothesis Is a Claim Free Essays

A hypothesis is a claim Population mean The mean monthly cell phone bill in this city is ? = $42 Population proportion Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones is ? = 0. 68 States the claim or assertion to be tested Is always about a population parameter, not about a sample statistic Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on A Hypothesis Is a Claim or any similar topic only for you Order Now , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance How to cite A Hypothesis Is a Claim, Essay examples

Media analyse two adverts Essay Example For Students

Media analyse two adverts Essay In this essay I have chosen to compare two adverts. I chose two from a magazine called VOGUE, I chose them as they both were linked by the theme of fashion but were advertising different products, this will help me show differences between the adverts but the fashion theme will help me to also highlight similarities. The first advert I chose was by a company called Garrard they make fashion accessories such as leather accessories, silverware and also jewellery which is what they are mainly known for. The advert I chose has specifically advertised jewellery in this case a ring and a necklace. On face value the advert has a ring and a necklace laid on a picture of a of the U. K flag. Part of both pieces of jewellery look like wings and they are put into position so that the flag looks as though it has wings. The words rock hard are also on the flag this is a Garrard logo which is also used on the website. At the bottom of the advert is the address of Garrard shops, the website address and the Garrard logo in bold letters. The second advert I have chose is by a designer called Yves Saint Laurent or YSL, this company is known mainly for its perfume and clothes. This advert is advertising a new perfume fragrance however there are six people in the advert who are wearing YSL clothes but the advert is not specifically advertising them. On face value the advert is focusing on a woman surrounded by men the men are in suits and the woman is In a white dress at the bottom of the advert is the Yves Saint Laurent logo and above this is the word Cinema which is the name of the fragrance. Also in the bottom right corner of the advert is a picture of the perfume bottle. These adverts attracted me as they were both bold and in your face so I was immediately attracted to look at them. In the Garrard advert the image of the British flag immediately hits you I think this is used to make a statement. The flag being on a white background makes the flag stand out also the fact that is the British flag is to make the viewer relate to Britain in some way. If somebody relates to something in an advert it makes them want to buy the item more so the British flag make this happen. Also the British flag relates to the designers nationality as the designer is Jade Jagger. As the flag reminds you that the designer is the daughter of a legendary rock star(Mick Jagger) it gives the advert a celebrity appeal this would appeal to rock fans or Mick Jagger fans so this again would give the reader something else to relate to which gives readers more reason to buy the product. The rock and punk element that surrounds Mick and Jade Jagger is again emphasised with the words Rock Hard written across the advert. This implies that whoever wears this will look rock hard and strong so the product instantly conveys an image of strength so would appeal to anybody who would like that image. Also the word Rock obviously relates again to Mick Jaggers music again reminding you that Mick Jaggerss daughter is designing the jewellery. The word Rock also brings images of partying and the word Hard could convey that whoever wears this is the type of person to party Hard. Again this would appeal to anybody who wants to have this image. The skulls on the necklace repeat this Rock image of the necklace as skulls are associated with rock music and being wild. The necklace and ring have a large wing on them this again emphasises partying as the symbol is loud. The wings also give the impression that somebody is free and original so people would buy this to have an image of being a free spirit and being original. Being original is important into todays fashion circles so this aspect of the advert raises the chances of viewers buying these pieces of jewellery. Other aspects of the advert relate more .

About a Boy by Nick Hornby Marcus and His Choices Essay Example

About a Boy by Nick Hornby: Marcus and His Choices Paper To what extent do you sympathise with Marcus and the choices he has to make In About a Boy? Discuss the techniques the author has used and use examples from the text to support your answer. In the novel About a Boy by Nick Hornby, the character of Marcus has to make numerous choices which affect his life in a variety of different ways. Marcus is 12 years old and because of this, he is often naive and hasty is his decisions but he makes them in order to protect himself. These choices that he makes Include; setting up his mum, Fiona, with a relative stranger, Will, hiding out at Wills flat every afternoon and lying to Ellie In order to become friends. All these decisions Marcus makes to protect him and while some of them may be made in haste, it is easy to sympathise with them and show his desperation to have people around him. Following Fionas attempted suicide, Marcus feels the need to look after his mother and also to have more people around the house, so he decides to set her up on a date. Marcus is desperate to find someone else to Join their family and thinks that If a girl and a boy met, and they didnt have a boyfriend or a girlfriend, and they both looked alright, and they didnt mind each other. en they might as well go out. (Page 84) This misguided train of thought leads Marcus to set up his mum with Will, a 36 year old who was trying to seduce with his mums best friend, in an attempt to expand his family and surround himself with a support network. Following their lunch, Marcus becomes excited at the prospect of having someone else in his family. Would they move into Wills place, he wondered, or buy somewhere new? (Page 86) In order to convey Marcus hopefulness and misunderstanding of the situation Nick Hornby uses the irony of saying Will knew the Flona was not his type straight after Marcus statement of anticipation. This is quite tragic for Marcus as, through his lack of experience, he does not realise that it takes more than conversation to start a relationship and the reader cannot help but cringe and feel compassionate towards him. We will write a custom essay sample on About a Boy by Nick Hornby: Marcus and His Choices specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on About a Boy by Nick Hornby: Marcus and His Choices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on About a Boy by Nick Hornby: Marcus and His Choices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To delay the feeling he gets when he is at home, Marcus decides to go to Wills flat every day after school. The memory of seeing his mum lying motionless In their living room In a pool of her own vomit disturbs Marcus every time he goes home to his flat. What he felt, all the time, every single day, was a horrible fear. (Page 101) Nick Hornby is able to convey this fear by using quite emotive language and gives the reader a sense of what Marcus is feeling. he could no longer climb the stairs at home without looking at his feet and remembering (Page 101) So, in order to avoid this haunting fear, Marcus decides to follow Will and go to his flat every day after school. the main reason he came round to Wills after school was that he was to put off going back to the flat; (Page 101 ) The setting of Wills flat and Its emptiness Is used by Nick Hornby to contrast Marcus flat which is full of emotion and angst. The achelor lifestyle which Will lives leads to his flat being relatively free of sentiment or nostalgia, so the reader can tell that when Marcus is over there, he feels safe and distanced from all the emotion and memory of his own flat. To have that memory of finding Fiona following her attempted suicide would be unbearable for Marcus and his decision to hide out there every day is completely understandable and the reader gets a real insight into what Marcus is feeling. Marcus has no real friends at school, so when he meets Ellie, he makes the conscious decision to lie to her and change who he is in order to befriend her. Ellie is a huge fan of Kurt Cobain and Nirvana, but Marcus has never heard of them or any of their music, so he finds out as much as he can from Will and lies to her because she is the only person in school who he could talk to. It was the longest conversation hed had with anyone at school for weeks. (Page 149) At the beginning of their friendship, Ellie makes fun of Marcus because she is acutely aware that he was lying about Kurt Cobain and Nick Hornby depicts this using constant sarcasm. Sarcasm is often difficult to pick up within text, but Nick Hornby is able to show by using Marcus literal mindedness to contrast Ellies sarcasm. But then he realised she was making one of those Jokes he never got. (Page 148) Marcus is unable to detect Ellies sarcasm and believes that she is a genuine friend and does everything he can to fit in with her. Ellie and her friend had said he was funny, and if he could be funny once, he could be funny again. (Page 150) Marcus decision to lie to Ellie and change who he is because he wants to make friends gives him a huge confidence boost and the reader is pleased to see him that way. Marcus is only 12 years old but already he has had to make numerous decisions that act to protect him against the threat of being alone. The audience sympathises with Marcus when he decides to set up Fiona with Will in order to expand his immediate family, hide out at Wills flat to avoid the memory of his mothers attempted suicide and lies to Ellie in order to become friends. These are all ways that Marcus uses to have more people around him and turn his life from being miserable to Joyous. While not all of his choices worked out, Marcus becomes much happier and can lead the average life he desires. The reader feels that Marcus has grown from the awkward outcast kid who feels alone and miserable to a happy confident teenager who is surrounded by people who love him.

Machiavelllianism essays

Machiavelllianism essays The Effect Machiavellianism Has On Managers Machiavellianism is a construct which has been widely researched by contemporary scholars across the globe. As Matt has talked about how Niccolo Machiavelli provided recommendations for political leaders in terms of behaviours which have been linked to manipulation, cunningness, and deception. Damon has touched on how these political recommendations can be adopted in the business realm and Jenny has discussed how Machiavellianism is a way of thinking, which leads on to my section of study, why do certain managers adopt this way of thinking in their management methods, and what external factors differentiate some managers to others. This is a relevant study because it is essential to assess differences in managers to establish why or why not these managers adopt Machiavellianism to their management methods and if so to what magnitude. I will discuss differences in managers as it is important in fully understanding the second part of our question, why does Machiavellianism affect some managers more than others. As it is illustrated in our management book, Machiavellianism is a measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance and believe that ends justify the means. As Jenny has talked about, Machiavellianism is not a given set of rules that managers need to follow; but a way of thinking. It is more often than not the case that managers utilise certain aspects of Machiavellianism and frown upon others. There are three major differentiating factors in managers that I will be talking about; a managers background, culture and managerial position. First we will start off with background. A managers background can adversely effect how they run a business and the different approaches they use in the workforce. A persons upbringing can vastly affect their values, beliefs and attitudes which mould their views on business and ...

Descartes and hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Descartes and hinduism - Essay Example Descartes illustrates the understanding that one thesis is core to the entire tradition that is everything behaved for the sake of certain goal. Descartes mechanistic view of the universe shows that events result from prior events as indicated in scientific theories of past events that are capable predicting future events. Moreover, he manages to show that there is dualism in interactions because mental states like beliefs and desires interact with physical states (Wall 215). In Hinduism, Self does not denote the personal self or rather the soul, which embodies and reincarnates but rather the spirit referred to as Atman. According to Wall (30) â€Å"Atman, the spirit of vision is never born and never dies†¦ never-born and eternal†¦. He does not die when the body dies†. Therefore, Atman is never a personal possession for anyone because it remains the one universal Self for all. Therefore, Atman is one often referred to as Brahman and entails the one endless consciousn ess in everything. Hindu scriptures continually show that Atman is Brahman and that a person’s Spirit is the Supreme Spirit; as well, the Self is the Supreme self. Atman illustrates that the manifested universe and everything material is an ultimate illusion when viewed from the high perspective and that Self remains a reality. Western: Descartes Descartes believes that he has to find some motive for doubting his prevailing views in order to search for strong basics for his understanding. Everything the meditator accepts as true he came to learn them from or through his senses and acknowledges that senses can deceive although with respect to small objects small or those far away because the sensory knowledge is quite sturdy. Meditation in Descartes is considered as setting the foundation where doubt is used as an influential tool and a foundation of modern skepticism. Reading the first meditation presents skeptical doubts as subject of study on their own and the idea remains that the uncertainties are not probable but a likelihood that is hard to rule out (Wall 215). Skepticism cuts through the core of the western approach and tries to offer certain groundwork of understanding and comprehending the world. On further consideration, the mediator is able to realize that even simple things can be doubted and finds it hard to keep habitual opinions and assumptions of the head. However, by doubting everything, Descartes believed he would at least be certain not to be deceived to untruth by demon (Wall 217). Considering the omnipotent God has the ability of making the conception of mathematics false. Descartes realizes that he is convinced that when dreaming he senses real objects and although present sensations may be images, he manages to indicate that even dream images result from waking experience similar to painting (Wall 215). Even when painters create imaginary creatures, the composite parts are drawn from real things and in case painters create an enti rely new thing, at least the colour within the painting is attached to real experience. Therefore, Descartes observes that even though it is possible for him to doubt combined things; he hardly doubts simple and common components from which compounds were constructed. Descartes also points out individuals can doubt studies based on composite things such as medicine, physics or even astronomy; however, Descartes

Police Recruitment and Screening of Job Applicants Essay

Police Recruitment and Screening of Job Applicants - Essay Example As touching citizenship, the candidate can be considered legible by birth, naturalization, permanent residency or asylum status. The case law Foley v. Connelie (1977) shows that rational reason for requirement of citizenship may suffice. The age of the applicant is expected to range from 21 to 36. The candidate is also required to have 20/20 vision and have body weight that falls between 148 and 204 pounds. As touching education, the department or field the candidate has applied for will stipulate the educational standards expected of the candidate (Sanders, 129-30). It is obvious that the Multiple Hurdle Approach brings with it, several legal issues. At a casual glance, the Multiple Hurdle Approach appears to flout the values enshrined in the Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA, also known as Executive Order 11246): the latter hinders specific federal subcontractors and contractors from exercising discrimination in employment on the basis of color, race, sex, religion or nationality, while the former premises legibility for jobs on meeting specific hurdles. However, the Multiple Hurdle Approach does not breach the EEO Act if it is used in enforcing desired standards and not discriminating against candidates. One of the ways the Multiple Hurdle Approach is carried out without the contravention of the EEO Act is to use and observe the minimum standards that are related to the job requirements. The import of this is that failing to use the minimum standards will be tantamount to subjecting candidates for tests that are more difficult or complex than the job itself (Sanders, 144-7). As the chief of a department with limited resources allowing for the use of only one recruitment test to select officers, I would use aptitude test. This is because, aptitude test factors intelligence and cognitive skills. Since aptitude test is

Substance Abuse And Addiction Psychology Essay

Substance Abuse And Addiction Psychology Essay To gather information on substance abuse and addiction, a literature review was conducted of online informational sources, including federal agencies, and numerous electronic databases for scholarly articles including (CINAHL, PubMed, Medscape, and Medline) published between 1999 and 2012. Categorical search terms employed included addiction, substance abuse, opioids, alcohol, prescription drugs, impaired nurse, cost of drug use, treatment of drugs use, and others. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has selected substance abuse as one of the countries ten leading health indicator (Hutchison and Blakely, 2010). Reducing substance abuse is one of the Healthy People 2010 goals (Healthy People 2010, n.d.). Alcoholics Anonymous defines the chronic, relapsing brain disorder known as addiction as powerful, cunning, and baffling (ASBN, 2012). Society lacks the understanding that this disease is not a lack of willpower or morals but is an obsessive, compulsive, and complex disease that destroys the lives of families, friends, and individual users (NIDA, 2011). People are most likely to use when drugs and alcohol are easily accessible, convenient, and inexpensive leading to an impact on society that cost millions (Birckmayer et.al, 200; Goulding and Hudson, 2010). Overview Terminology Definition The use of certain terms when discussing addiction and substance abuse provides a means for all that are involved to understand. The DSM-IV is the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders a set of standards for professional to make a formal diagnosis for dependence of substance abuse (DSM Library, n.d.). Substance abuse and addiction has been used interchangeable for persons addicted to drugs (Kranzler, H. Li, T., 2008; Maddux, J. Desmond, D., 2000; ASBN, 2012). Although addiction involves physical dependence and tolerance, the physical dependence and tolerance does not involve the drug seeing and compulsive behavior of addiction making it difficult for physicians to identify the real issue (Shurtleff, 201; Maddux, J. Desmond, D., 2000;). Substance abuse means using any type of illicit drug and intoxication, enhancement of the end result occurs with multiple drug use (Substance Abuse Prevention Curriculum Guide, n.d.). Substance The mind and mood altering drugs or chemicals of abuse are the substances that are referred to in a substance abuse or dependence (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.; Mosbys Medical Dictionary, 2009). Tolerance Tolerance is the bodys need for larger quantities of drug for the same effect (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.; Mosbys Medical Dictionary, 2009). Abuse vs. Dependence Substance abuse is when the improper use of substance is affecting a persons life in a negative manner, such as decrease job function, poor parenting skills, and problems with law enforcement (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2003). Substance dependence is the beyond abuse where a person relies or dependents on a drug including increased tolerance, withdrawal, in ability to stop, devotion to using, and neglecting responsibilities (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2003). Addiction Addiction is a compulsive and maladaptive dependence with resulting in psychological, physiological, sociological, and legal consequences (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.; American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2003; Goulding and Hudson, 2010). Risk factors There is no individual risk factor that can predict whether a person will become an addict. That is based on the vulnerability of each individual in the area of genetics, demographics, family, social, and psychological (ASBN, 2012). The early age of initial use along with the combination of risk factors leads to a greater chance of addiction (ASBN, 2012; NIDA, 2011) Drugs of Abuse Alcohol Alcohol is legal, socially acceptable, and has the least stigma of all drugs in the United States and worldwide (Alcohol Answers, 2009; Bennett and McNeese, n.d.). It is addictive and depresses the central nervous system (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.). Alcohol is a legal, addictive drug that depresses the central nervous system (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.). One drink causes impairment and driving while intoxicated is illegal in the United States (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.). The social impact of the intoxicated person affects the drinker and all involved (Kelly, 2011; Chan, 2011; Harrington, et.al, 2010). Drinking alcohol is associated with child abuse and neglect, absenteeism from work, and violence (Kelly, 2011; Chan, 2011; Harrington, et.al, 2010). More than 30 conditions with alcohol as an underlying factor are listed in the World Health Organizations 10th Edition of International Classification of diseases (Rehm, 2011). Chronic alcohol use is a poisoning that weakens the immune system and results damage to the neurological and physical systems that are irreversible (Bennett and McNeese, n.d.; Kelly, 2011; Chan, 2011; Harrington, et.al, 2010; Rehm, 201; Dawson, 2011). Scheduled Drugs Depressants are the illicit drugs that depresses the central nervous system(CNS)causing decrease pulse, respiration, and blood pressure (UNODC, 2012). The CNS system effect relaxes the person and decreases anxiety and tension (UNODC, 2011; NIDA, 2011). The drugs include alcohol and narcotics (UNODC, 2012). Narcotics or opiates are derived from the opium poppy or may be synthetically manufactured includes codeine, oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl, and methadone (Goulding and Hudson, 2010; UNODC, 2012; Hall, 2009). The drugs are pain killers, anesthetics, and cough suppressants, used medically except heroin (UNODC, 2012; Hall, 2009). The route used is oral, nasal, intravenous, and transdermal (UNODC, 2003). Users experience constipation, dilation of blood vessels, constricted pupils, and decreased respiration that may lead to an overdose with produces shallow breathing, coma, clammy skin, respiratory failure, and possible death (UNODC, 2012;UNODC, 2003; Hall, 2009). Sedative- hypnotics, referred to as sedatives, sleeping pills, or tranquilizers, are another type of CNS depressants (UNODC, 2003; Goulding and Hudson, 2010). The purpose is to decrease anxiety, relax, or promote sleep. These drugs categories include barbiturates (Seconal and Nembutal) and benzodiazepines (Valium and Librium) (UNODC, 2003; Goulding and Hudson, 2010). Symptoms associated with withdrawal from these drugs are seizures, convulsion, heart attack, or death (UNODC, 2003; Goulding and Hudson, 2010). Overdose is common when used with alcohol (Goulding and Hudson, 2010). Heroin Heroin is a very addictive drug processed from morphine, a substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin produces a feeling of euphoria (a rush) and often a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and heavy feelings in the arms and legs. After the initial euphoria the user may go into an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Heroin is the second most frequent cause of drug-related deaths. Prescription Drugs The abuse of prescription pain medications and sedative hypnotics, such as, Klonopin and Xanax, prevalence rate has increase in the United States for persons 12 and over higher than any other illicit drug, surpassing even marijuana (Holmes, 2011). The Centers for Disease Control and prevention has identified these drugs as an epidemic due to the rate of increase of use. United States is the epicenter for prescription drug use with 80% of Americans using drugs for the first time that were prescribed for someone else. The increase in these drugs has shown a decline in cocaine, cannabis, and heroin causing more persons to die from opioid overdose than motor vehicle accidents (UNODC, 2012; Holmes, 2012). Using a prescription drug in a manner other than the intended prescription constitutes drug abuse. Some of the more commonly abused prescription drugs are: Pain-relieving narcotics (Percodan, Codeine, Vicodin, Percocet) Tranquilizers and sedatives (Halcion, Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Phenobarbital) Muscle relaxants (Soma) Prescription amphetamines (Ritalin, Cylert, Adderall) OxyContin Cocaine Cocaine was considered a safe recreational drug in the 1980s and 1990s with declining use with the turn of the century (NIDA, 2006; SAMHSA, 2001; The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 1999). Cocaine is a powerful and addictive drug that approximately 21 percent of persons eventually become addicted after the first use (Prevention Handbook, n.d.; The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 1999; NHSDA, 2000. The route of use for cocaine is nasal, smoke, or intravenous. At small amount the drug can produce increased energy, alertness, and euphoria (Prevention Handbook, n.d.; The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 1999; NHSDA, 2000). The central nervous properties of dilates pupils, constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure, body temperature, decrease appetite, loss of sleep, and increased pulse (Prevention Handbook, n.d.; The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 1999; NHSDA, 2000) . Although the use has declined, the drug is still the most frequently encountered illicit drug with the following medical complications: cardiac arrest, stroke, and respiratory failure (Prevention Handbook, n.d.; The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 1999; NHSDA, 2000). Cannabis Cannabis or marijuana is one of the most used drugs in the United States and considered a gateway drug (NIDA, 2012). Chronic use cause respiratory issues of cancer, asthma, or other lung diseases. The prevalence of marijuana use has increased among all populations from 13.7 percent in 2009 to 14.1 per cent in 2010 (36,37 ). Long term effects includes loss of ambition, apathy,, difficulty concentrating, and decrease in school and work performance. Marijuana (weed, or cannabis) is one of the most common drugs of abuse . Marijuana looks like a dry, shredded green/brown blend of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves of a particular hemp plant. It usually is smoked as a cigarette, pipe, or in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana. The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), which quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, and on to organs throughout the body, including the brain. Some of the short-term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning; bizarre or distorted perceptions; difficulty in problem solving; loss of coordination; and increased heart rate. A study has suggested that a users risk of heart attack more than quadruples in the first hour after smoking marijuana. Manufactured Drugs The amphetamine like drug, methamphetamine rate has doubled from 1990-2002; 71 percent of new users of inhalants in 2002 were under the age of 18; Club drugs MDMA and GHB have leveled off but are not just used in the club culture; Ecstasy use has risen and has been associated with brain damage , kidney failure, and elevated body temperature; Rohypnol association with sexual assault has led to legislature that has made it the least available club drug. From 1998 to 2000 the number of the easily overdosed drug GHB emergency room visits quadrupled to approximately 5000 (Brown University Health Education, n.d.). Methamphetamine Methamphetamine (meth)is made in illegal laboratories and has a high potential for abuse and dependence. It is often taken orally, snuffed, or injected. Methamphetamine hydrochloride, clear crystals resembling ice, can be inhaled by smoking, and is referred to as ice, crystal, and glass.Use of methamphetamine produces a fast euphoria, and often, fast addiction. Chronic, heavy use of methamphetamine can produce a psychotic disorder which is hard to tell apart from schizophrenia (methamphetamine induced psychosis). The drug also causes increased heart rate and irreversible damage to blood vessels. Ecstasy Ecstasy (MDMA)is the so-called party drug, It has both stimulant (like cocaine) and hallucinogenic (like LSD) effects. Ecstasy is neurotoxic (poisonous to brain cells), and in high doses it causes a steep increases in body temperature leading to muscle breakdown, and possible organ failure. Side effects may last for weeks after use, and including high blood pressure, faintness, confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, Hallucinogens Hallucinogens have existed for years. the drugs includes LSD, PCP, ketamine, and amphetamine variants(MDA,MDMA, and ecstasy). The use of these drugs takes you on a trip leading to pleasurable or a terrifying experience. The drugs are not always distinguishable by their color, odor, or taste. The CNS effects increases heat rate, respiration, pulse, blood pressure , and temperature leading to possible stroke, convulsions, heart attack, respiratory failure, or coma. Ketamine has been used as a date rape drug due to the dissociative anesthetic properties. Hallucinogens may lead to insanity or mental health disorders. and paranoia. Acid Acid (LSD)LSD, also called acid, is sold in the street in tablets, capsules, or even liquid form. It is clear and odorless, and is usually takenby mouth. Often LSD is added to pieces of absorbent paper divided into small decorated squares, each containing one dose. LSD is a hallucinogen and a very powerful mood-altering chemical. Over the Counter Drugs Many different types of over-the-counter drugs and other substances can be abused. Just a few examples include: Inhalants (paint thinners, nitrous oxide, model glue, magic marker fluid, spray paints, propane, butane, etc.)Dramamine, Mouthwashes, Diet aids Cough and cold medications (especially those containing DXM, like Drixoral Cough Liquid Caps, Robitussin AC, Dectuss, Phenergan etc.) Inhalants Inhalants are common household products that are huffed or sniffed that give a high or head rush. Included in this category of drugs are insecticides, paints, and aerosols products that when consumed causes lightheadedness. The drunken high is usually not long but due to the nature of the vapors may cause headaches, unconsciousness, suffocation, violent behavior, and death. Replacing the oxygen with inhalants depresses the CNS and may lead to the user to stop breathing. Long term use of inhalants causes brain damage, weight loss, and fatigue. Adolescent believe inhalants are safer. Concepts of Substance Abuse Four Dimensions of Addiction Chronic A disorder that is chronic continues for a long time. The opposite of chronic is acute, which means relatively sudden and short. Lets look at other examples of chronic vs. acute disorders Chronic: diabetes, hypertension, epilepsy Acute: flu, food poisoning, concussion Notice that acute disorders are treated once and theyre gone. Chronic disorders are managed, not cured. Primary A disorder that is primary means that it is not the result of something else. It is a disorder in its own right, requiring specific treatment. For example, a man may start drinking to control the painful feelings of depression. However, when that man becomes an alcoholic (addicted to alcohol), he now has a separate and primary disorder that needs treatment. Treating the depression does not mean the alcoholism will also go away. Progressive A disorder that is progressive tends to get worse over time. With drug addiction, we see that the consequences of the addiction tend to worsen over time. One important mechanism of this progressive quality is tolerance, which weve discussed. The development of tolerance tends to ensure that a person has to get more, spend more, hide more, and use more over time. Later well look at some of the particular consequences of progression, including medical problems. Incurable We say that addiction is incurable because the biological changes involved in addiction tend to be permanent. As a result, an addict will never be able to safely use the drug of abuse (or any other drugs of abuse). An alcoholic will never be able to drink normally. Likewise, a cocaine addict will never be safe using stimulating drugs (for example, ephedra, which is an over-the-counter stimulant). A person addicted to one drug can easily switch over the another drug and still be an addict. This is called cross-addiction(more on this later). We said incurable not untreatable. Remember the comparison with diabetes? We dont cure diabetes, we manage it with proper diet, blood sugar monitoring, and other acts of discipline. Unfortunately, the addict rarely wants discipline. Thats what makes it so hard. By definition, an addict wants to keep using! Stages of Change In order to determine the proper intervention the stages of change model is a means of describing the process to overcome addiction (Hartney, 2013 ; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O., 2011), The stages suggest that a person will go through the changes in sequence, but realistically they jump between stages and the stages will be different for everyone (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O., 2011). Precontemplation This is the first phase of change where the persons has not had any negative consequences and does not see the addiction as problem (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O, 2011). The experience is still pleasurable and leaves the person close-minded to any conversation on any negative consequences (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O., 2011). During this stage the person needs encouragement to see the personal risk and self-awareness Contemplation Contemplation is the stage where the person thinks or contemplates changing the addictive behaviors by quitting, moderating use, or cutting down (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011),). A person in this stage requires being give encouragement on the analysis of the pros and cons of the addictive behavior to promote a new goal (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011),). Preparation After a person has contemplated a person makes preparation to follow through on the changes that were contemplated (Hartney, 2013Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011). At this phase a person is trying to make decisions on how to proceed forward (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011),). The stage is a time for encouraging the need for social support and taking small steps. Action The action stage is a time for following through on the preparations made by possible entering treatment for detox (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011),). Living without the drugs and the drama of addiction is a strange feeling with the change of lifestyle(Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011), ). This is a real change of addictive behaviors which needs reinforcement and support to handle feelings and self-efficacy. Maintenance The maintenance phase is the time to seeks changing addictive behaviors through abstinence and changing behaviors (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011), ). The person learns how to cope and not return to old behaviors when there is a resurfacing of addictive behavior (Hartney, 2013; Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M. and Prochaska, J. O. (2011),). Helping the person via support, encouragement, and internal reward reinforcement is required. Biological Bases of Addiction Addiction is associated with permanent changes in the brains neurochemistry. The addict is biologically programmed to need the drug in order to feel normal. This point that addicts just want to keep using brings us to an important point about addiction and its biological roots. Lets take a quick look at what happens in the brain of an addict (without getting too technical). Weve seen now how repeated drug use causes permanent biological changes in the brain. An important implication of these changes is this: An addict can never assume its safe to resume using addictive drugs. Using even once will get the addict back to Square One. 12-Step programs call this waking the tiger. In 12-step programs, a person commemorates the beginning of sobriety with a sobriety date. If a person relapses, he or she starts with a new sobriety date. This tradition emphasizes the fact that addiction never goes away. Reward Center First lets take a look at a part of the human brain which has been called the reward center deep in the brain. This area includes specialized neural pathways which process experience of pleasure. The reward center seems to process many experiences of pleasure, such as eating and sex. Experimental rats trained to stimulate their own reward centers with electric switches have been known to press on the switches thousands of times per hour! They neglect all other activities in order to keep stimulating themselves. (11) ). Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant that causes the distribution of the chemical dopamine that is affects the brains pleasure center by causing constant signals of pleasure creating the intense cocaine high(The Science of Mental Health, 2003) Now, you may not be surprised to learn that many drugs of abuse stimulate the reward centers. As a result, using mind-altering drugs is pleasurable. The addict is almost like one of those experimental rats, stimulating itself again and again, neglecting anything else. Repeated use of certain drugs of abuse can result in depletion of brain chemicals that allow the experience of pleasure. What happens next is this: more and more of the drug becomes necessary to generate pleasure, and other sources of pleasure lose their effects. Eventually, the addict cant even feel just normal without the drug. As a result, the addict needs the drug to feel normal, and without it, they feel bad! Its no longer a matter of pleasureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦its a matter of avoiding pain. This is the mechanism for tolerance. Dopamine The brain chemicals that help generate pleasure are called dopamine, a brain chemical belonging to a group called neurotransmitters. For example, both alcohol and heroin result in a build-up of dopamine, resulting in (temporary) pleasure. ). Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant that causes the distribution of the chemical dopamine that is affects the brains pleasure center by causing constant signals of pleasure creating the intense cocaine high(The Science of Mental Health, 2003) As we discussed above, the brain adapts to this higher level of dopamine in the system. Its almost as if the body tries to normalize the new levels of pleasure by raising the bar to experience pleasure. These changes are referred to as neuroadaptation. In other words, neuroadaptation means that it gets harder and harder to experience pleasure as you use more drugs. Addicts get the point that only their drugà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.in ever-increasing amountsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦makes them feel good. Trap of addiction In a sense, addicts get trapped by their own drug. They started using it to feel good, but end up needing it just to avoid feeling bad. Addicts can learn to experience pleasure in ways other than using. Unfortunately, research and clinical experience shows that the biological changes are permanent. This is why addiction is considered incurable, as we discussed before. Cravings Giving up drugs isnt just a matter of giving up on the pleasure. It can be a very painful experience because of cravings. As weve discussed, the brain becomes used tothe drugs of abuse after repeated use. If an addict stops using, the brain (and the mind) will put pressure on the person to start againà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to restore the balance. This pressure is experienced as cravings. Cravings can be very painful and difficult to resist. Managing and resisting cravings are an important aspect of treatment. Cravings are painful but manageable with training and discipline. A helpful thing to remember with cravings is that they come and go like a wave: they approach, get stronger, reach a crescendo, and then taper off. Knowing this, a person can ride outthe cravings by several means: Distract herself with something interesting (movie, game, etc) Contact someone else for support (sponsor, supportive friend) Go to a safe place where giving in is less likely Disease Model In many different treatment models, addiction is seen as a disease. It may be hard to appreciate why at first, because it seems different from other types of diseases like cancer or bronchitis. One of the reasons for defining addiction as a disease is in order to ensure that addiction is treated as a healthcare problem, thus allowing addicts access to the healthcare system. (13)Addiction is widely considered a disease, by such organizations as the World Health Organization (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), and American Psychiatric Association (APA). Defining addiction as a disease carries several implications which tend to increase the healthcare available to addicts: it follows a predictable course of development, it causes disorder of bodily functions (affecting not only the brain but typically the liver, pancreas, and other organs), it causes significant mortality and morbidity (alcoholism is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S.),it can be tracked and measured by epidemiological research, it has a significant genetic loading . We wont settle the question of the Disease Model here. However, now you are familiar with the idea and some of the arguments on both sides. At any rate, the Disease Model is so prevalent today that most treatment programs you are likely to encounter in the State of Nebraska use the model. Whats more, the Disease Model is supported by the worlds largest organization devoted to helping people with addictionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Alcoholics Anonymous (and other 12-step programs such as Narcotics Anonymous). Psychology of Addiction Progression of addiction Weve already discussed how addiction is a progressive disorder (getting worse over time). As such, we can identify certain characteristics of early stageand late stageaddiction. However, its important to keep in mind that some people progress quickly to more serious problems, while others follow along progression. Early Stages A person uses drugs of abuse to achieve a feeling of euphoria or to relieve stress. Using is escapist, sociable, and fun. However, the person begins to need more and more. The fun begins to go out of the situation as the person realizes she cannot feel normal without her drug. The person begins to feel guilty and ashamed, and increasingly uses denial.There may be the first damaging consequences (problems at work, in the family, etc). (16) Late Stages Using drugs feels more like a necessity of survival than a form of recreation. The problems often begin tomount, and the person becomes increasingly unable to function. The addict loses interest in anything besides using. If the addict has been able to hide her using, this becomes more and more difficult as the addiction progresses.Typically, the later stages of addiction are characterized by increasing physical problems and illness. For example, an alcoholic may experience liver failure or hepatitis. Defense Mechanism Defense Mechanisms are psychological strategies for dealing with stress. These strategies are used by the mind (often unconsciously) to keep us from being overwhelmed with stress. Defense mechanisms are normal and necessary. We cant worry about everything at once, or we couldnt function! There has to be some filterfor keeping things from becoming too intense or too painful. However, sometimes defense mechanisms become so rigid that we lose our flexibility, and we find it hard to changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even when change would be good. (17) All defense mechanisms distort reality to some extent, because they tailorreality to feel a little more comfortable. The question becomes, just how much distortion is safe?In addiction, defense mechanisms often distort reality to a dangerous extent. It gets harder to cover up the truth when the consequences start to pile upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦broken families, legal charges, ruined careers .Also, the defense mechanisms in addiction can harm the addicts loved onesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦some of them start to wonder if they are the crazy ones, because the addict is so adamant that they have no problems. Lets look at a list of some of the defense mechanisms that are commonly used to promote addictive behavior. Denial Denial is an example of a defense mechanism that is often seen with addiction. The defense of denial is to deny the truth. Denial is useful to an addict because it serves to cover up the extent of the problem, and allow the using to continue.Remember that in addiction, people become biologically programmedto need their drug at all costs. Denial is a powerful way of keeping the pressure offso the addict can continue to use. Rationalization is another example of a defense mechanism that is often seen with addiction. The purpose is to make the irrational sound rational through the uses of justification and excuses. Many addicts have a ready supply of rationalizations to use on themselves and others, such as:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Im not hurting anybody.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢I can stop anytime I want (I just dont want to yet).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢I had a hard day today. I deserve a drink.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It relaxes me. Isolating is a behavior that also serves to protect the addiction. Although drug use may start out as a social behavior, addiction ends up driving a wedge between the addict and others. Efforts to hide and maintain the addiction distances them from loved ones, and the company of non-addicts becomes too intrusive and painful. As a result, some addicts end up shooting themselves up in dark rooms, or drinking alone, far from others. Others sink into a drug subculture,in which there are no true friendships, but only alliances of convenience in the continuing drive for self-gratification. Blaming It can be very convenient to point the finger at someone else, when we want to avoid notice! Blaming takes the heat off by putting it on someone else. Naturally, this is painful and frustrating for others, and self-defeating to the addict.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢If my husband had fixed that tail-light, I wouldnt have gotten this DUI.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢If you lived here, youd drink too.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢If my wife/husband treated me right, I wouldnt have to do this. Minimizing involves watering downthe problem by acting cavalier about the consequences, or dismissive of the wreckage caused by addiction.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢All my DUIsare five years apart.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢I never drink before noon, I cant be an alcoholic.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢At least I dont use as much as X.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢I may miss some work, but I still get more work done than all those other slobs. Relapse The disease model of addiction, discussed above, encourages us to think of relapsesin addictive behavior. A relapse is a return to a previously abusive level of using or drinking. The very idea of relapse suggests the idea of the disease model, because it describes addiction as a chronic condition that never goes away, but can only lay dormant. Relapse is a very important concept

The Marketing of Art

The Marketing of Art Part 1: Target Market and Competition When determining a target market a marketer must first research their product and the consumers who purchase the product, then decide what type of consumer would the marketer prefer to attract to the product they are marketing (Guille, n. d. ). The product that was chosen for this class was Art. To determine our particular target market we must get to know our product. Britannica Encyclopedia defines art as, â€Å"the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others† (Britannica Online, 2011). Choosing a target market in which to promote our product is quite a difficult task since art is not a commodity that is normally regulated. Although the demographics of individuals who buy art are categorized into five types: †¢Collector – this type buys art simply for the love of the piece that is purchased. †¢Investor – this type buys art in hopes of earning a profit. †¢Decorator – this type uses art as a way to fill and empty space. †¢Believer – this individual believes that the particular piece that is purchased has a significant meaning or story attached to it and buys art just for the love of art. Money burner – this type is an individual who buys art for a status symbol or because they can afford to do so. To find our target market we will digest the framework of art. Art is usually placed in a particular space for a long period of time and the purchaser will most likely own the home that the artwork is located in (Genn, 2 004). Art is not a cheap investment, in 2009 while the Lehman Brother’s was declaring bankruptcy, Sotheby’s made $200 million in London at an art auction, so our target market would have to be able to afford the pieces. Also to determine your target market a marketer needs to understand why a consumer purchases products or services. A consumer purchases a product or service for three main reasons; to satisfy a need, to solve a problem, or to make themselves feel good. The marketer must know the demographics of their area. In Tucson, Arizona the largest art purchasers are over the age of 50, the demographics of Tucson show that the 50+ populations makes up 22. 1% of the total population. Americans over the age of 50 own more homes and enjoy more then $900 billion in income as compared to the younger populations (U. S. Census Bureau, 2011). According to Business Week Magazine the 50+ generation or more likely to buy online products and 42% over the age of 65 have made online purchases. The senior generation is the most overlooked target market in the advertising sector, even though 41% of them purchase more products then any other target market category (Kaiser, n. d. ). The next step in marketing is to identify your competitor’s, and currently there are nine top art houses that operate online as well as international (ArtBusiness. com, n. d. ). Sotheby’s and Christie’s are among the most well known in the art world. The main advantage that these art houses have over James’ Art Showroom is the name. People recognize and trust these dealers since they have been in business for a long time and have a great reputation. Christie’s is still a privately owned company and therefore the financial information is unavailable. However, many art brokers have projected that 2011 will be a profitable year for the auction house. Sotheby’s is a publicly traded company and their financial information is available on their website for potential investor’s to read. In 2009 Sotheby’s show revenue of $484,958 and in 2010 of $774,309, this is an increase of 59. 7% (Sotheby’s, 2011). The expected revenue projections have Sotheby’s increasing the profit margin by at least 32. 7% in 2011 end of the year calculations. For James’ Art Showroom to exceed the consumer expectations, the company due to the fact that it is smaller it will be able to provide a more personal art buying experience as well as provide a chance for upcoming artist to acquire a name for himself or herself within the Art world. Part 2: Integrated Marketing Communication Plan The integrated marketing communication plan is a combination of all the company’s plans and goals combined into one format. The integrated marketing communications plan should contain the same theme throughout, such as if the business plans on producing an advertising theme then the theme should be the same for the website and any print advertisements. This is done as a way for your customers to link all the graphics and messages to the company in which you are marketing (ArtBusiness, n. . ). There are five major components in an integrated marketing communications plan: †¢Web site †¢Advertising †¢Marketing collateral †¢Online marketing †¢Trade shows/ Auctions The web site that was created for the promotion of James’ Art Showroom was simple but professional. It included contact information and links to Facebook and Twitter. The web site also gave information about the company and the reason the com pany was created. For advertising, the company would choose direct mailings to schools that are designated for artists. The company would also host regular fundraising events to introduce the local community to the artist that reside in the area. The company was started as a way to help unknown artist and art buyers connect, the company although hopes to earn a profit in the future was not started as a money generating business but merely as a vessel to help people who love creating art meet those who love purchasing and owning art. The message that the company would like to implore is a symbol of bringing individuals with common interest together. The online marketing plan is simply to get the message to the target market that the company exists. This can be done through the use of social media and e-mail list. The final step in creating an integrated marketing communication plan is to allow my customers a chance to participate in art auctions throughout the world by using my website as a connection. By working with the major auction houses, such as Sotheby’s my artist may be able to have some of their work viewed or even purchased by art dealers on the international level. Reference: ArtBusiness. com. (n. d. ). Domestic and International Art Market Sales Statistics. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http://www. artbusiness. com/marketdata. html Britannica Online. (2011). Retrieved on October 4, 2011, from http://www. britannica. com Genn, Robert. (2004). Art Buyers. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http://www. painterskeys. com/clickbacks/art-buyers. asp Guille, Marilyn. (n. d. ). How To Find And Sell To Your Target Market. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http://sbinfocanada. bout. com/cs/marketing/a/targetmarket. htm Kaiser, Frank. (n. d. ). Secrets Of Successfully Advertising To Seniors. Retrieved on October 23, 2011, from http://www. suddenlysenior. com/howtoadvertiseseniors. html Sotheby’s. (2011). Web site. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http://investor. shareholder. com/bid/index. cfm U. S. Census Bureau. (2011). Home page. Retrieved on November 6, 2011, from http://factfinder2. census. gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults. xhtml

Literary Analysis The Lesson Essay

The predominant theme in â€Å"The Lesson† composed by Toni Cade Bambara is creating an understanding to adolescents of all the opportunities life has to offer; a lesson on social class and having a choice which society you choose to live in. Miss. Moore who takes on the responsibility to educate the young ones has intentions of more than just taking the children to the store for amusement. Miss Moore’s informal lessons are aimed at educating the neighborhood children about how their lives differ from those of rich white children, nonetheless Miss Moore wants the children to see they can live the life of the rich and high society. An essential element that adds to the depth and enhances a reader’s comprehension of â€Å"The Lesson† is the author’s use of symbolism throughout the story. Sylvia, the narrator of the story, is a born leader. She is used to being in charge of what the rest of her friends think and do. Sylvia resents the appearance of Miss Moore in her life. Miss Moore is a new kind of black woman. She has no first name but is always addressed with her title. She has â€Å"nappy hair and proper speech and no makeup†(Bambara 98). The neighbors are not quite sure how to respond to her, which is illustrated by the way Sylvia describes her as someone to laugh at, â€Å"the way we did at the junk man,† (Bambara 98) who is considered arrogant and acting above his place. Sylvia also describes Miss Moore in terms of being an unpleasant obstacle, like the winos â€Å"who cluttered up our parks and pissed on our handball walls†(Bambara 98). Clearly the author shows the extent of which Sylvia dislikes Miss Moore. Although the people in the neighborhood are unsure of Miss Moore the parents of the children allow her to take them on an outing. Miss Moore, the children’s self appointed mentor, takes it upon herself to further their education during the summer months. She feels this is her civic duty because she is educated. She used F. A. O. Schwarz, a very expensive toy store, to teach them a lesson and inspire them to strive for success and attempt to better themselves and their situations. The extreme differences between the children’s neighborhood and the neighborhood of the toy store are first illustrated by the fact that the white people on Fifth Avenue wear furs and stockings even on a hot summer’s day. Then we check out that we on Fifth Avenue and everybody dressed up in stockings. One lady in a fur coat, hot as it is†(Bambara 99). The children are thrown off balance in this neighborhood, as if it were a foreign country where even the approach to temperature is different. To Miss Moore, education is the key to more money and improved social conditions. To Sylvia, being educated means seeing things as they are. Sylvia and Miss Moore both have a considerable amount of pride. Sylvia thinks Miss Moore shows disrespect when she describes their neighborhood as a slum and their families as poor. Bambara has indicated that Sylvia’s family is striving for better conditions through the mention of the piano rental. Miss Moore views the children’s acceptance of their economic condition as ignorance and their ignorance as disrespect for their race. Miss Moore wants to change this attitude and encourages the children to demand more from the society that keeps them down. By the end of the story, both of these characters have made their points. Sylvia realizes that she feels in competition not only with Miss Moore, but also with her good friend Sugar, who is ready to slide back into their usual behavior after having had some surprising insights about the day. Rather than accompany Sugar, Sylvia decides to go her own way and makes a promise to herself that no one will get ahead of her in the future. Miss Moore’s character, with her emphasis on education, is the symbol of one way to fight the usual, fatalistic acceptance of economic conditions by the poor â€Å"The Lesson† is a wonderful work of fiction because of its use of language, humanistic theme, and symbolism.

The Problem Of Social Cost - 925 Words

In 1960 Ronald Coase published an essay called, â€Å"The Problem of Social Cost†. In this essay he discussed many things that have made it one of the most quoted essays in economic and law arguments. However, the main reason for this popularity was his proposition of a theory that has since been called the Coase Theorem which states that â€Å"if trade in an externality is possible and there are no transaction cost, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of property rights.† If someone has never heard or studied economics before they would probably very confused by that statement, so the best way to explain this concept is through an example. To start off, we can look at Professor Sean Mullholland’s example from his video on negative externality and Coase Theorem. In the video he uses the example of a farm owner and fishermen who represent the actual fishermen, the land owners, and the recreationist. 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